endobj x�ݘIs�6����. endobj 385 0 obj endobj endobj 124 0 obj endobj >> endobj Comparative Methods and Data Analysis in R Marguerite A. Butler1,2, Brian C. O’Meara3, and Jason Pienaar1,4 1Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 2mbutler@hawaii.edu 3National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 West Main Street, Suite A200, Durham, NC 27705, bcomeara@nescent.org 4jasonpienaar@gmail.com August 2, 2008 << /S /GoTo /D (section.18.3) >> 432 0 obj If a consistency is found between the datasets, then it adds support to a scientific claim. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. >> endobj 209 0 obj 201 0 obj 97 0 obj (Brownian motion model) 241 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.13.2) >> Contents, Construction Methods, Data Resources, and Functions Comparative Analysis of Bacteria Databases . /Font << /F28 499 0 R /F20 500 0 R /F8 501 0 R /F37 502 0 R >> 496 0 obj << 413 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.11.1) >> endobj ��w32P04Գ455RIS07R076�321UIQ��0Ҍ ��2�j@�]C� Q�D stream 257 0 obj /Type /Page (Correlated Evolution) << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.10.3.2) >> The analysis begins with listing and counting all the combinations of variables observed in the data set, followed by applying the rules of logical inference to determine which descriptive inferences or implications the data supports. endobj 352 0 obj 472 0 obj 33 0 obj The contant comparative method is a method for analyzing data in order to develop a grounded theory. << /S /GoTo /D (section.15.2) >> 392 0 obj endobj (R packages) endobj endobj endobj 373 0 obj /Filter /FlateDecode endobj endstream endobj startxref << /S /GoTo /D (section.9.8) >> It will also help you determine if the course offers the knowledge and skills you are looking for. endobj << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.7) >> (Other directories) x�3PHW0Pp�r (Merging) (The Notion of Reproducible Results) endobj (Preliminaries) 220 0 obj 172 0 obj endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 149 0 obj (Creating Objects) Knowing what your competitors provide and not provide is always better than guessing on your own. Case Study: Housing Loss in Group Homes. The CLSI EP09-A3 standard also defines … endobj (Exercises) endobj endobj 237 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.15.6.3) >> 61 0 obj endobj endobj endobj 44 0 obj endobj 321 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.13.4) >> Jie Li, Zhuo Chen, Yadong Wang. (The Workhorse Functions of Data Manipulation) endobj 333 0 obj endobj 20 0 obj 92 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section*.6) >> << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.14) >> endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section.11.2) >> 233 0 obj 168 0 obj endobj endobj 404 0 obj 349 0 obj 192 0 obj The comparative method may be contrasted with the method of internal reconstruction in … Method comparison was also conducted on empirical outbreak data, using Zika surveillance data … (Branch lengths drawn from a common distribution) Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is an analytic technique grounded in set theory that allows for a detailed analysis of how causal conditions contribute to … 141 0 obj 272 0 obj Such techniques can involve a statistical test called correlation, wh… (Exercises) While sequential presentations of descriptive data are undoubtedly informative about the cases concerned they are only comparative in the weak sense of 45 0 obj endobj 1. 305 0 obj 56 0 obj (Phylogenetic GLS) 249 0 obj (geiger) << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.4.2.1) >> (Description File) << /S /GoTo /D (section*.3) >> << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.13.0.6) >> endobj (Using phylobase) << /S /GoTo /D (section.14.4) >> endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section.10.3) >> << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.2.4) >> << /S /GoTo /D (section.7.2) >> 384 0 obj 325 0 obj stream endobj ∞ See for a review of the book: Verweij, S. (2013). endobj Despite the shortcomings of each of these tolerance analysis methods, each may be used to provide reasonable results under certain circumstances. endobj endobj 161 0 obj endobj 157 0 obj endobj (Workarounds for broken code) endobj (phylo4 \(phylobase\)) QCA starts with the documentation of the different configurations of conditions associated with each case of an observed outcome. endobj endobj (LaTeX -> pdf) 232 0 obj 193 0 obj endobj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section.11.4) >> 221 0 obj (Creating Binaries) Set-theoretic methods for the social sciences: A guide to qualitative comparative analysis. endobj endobj endobj EDA is an analysis approach that focuses on identifying general patterns in the data and to find previously unknown relationships. << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.10.3.1) >> << /S /GoTo /D (section*.2) >> << /S /GoTo /D (section.15.6) >> endobj << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.17) >> << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.8.1.3) >> endobj 313 0 obj 115 0 obj <> endobj endobj endobj 417 0 obj >> endobj 28 0 obj C. Data analysis techniques. 461 0 obj In statistics, qualitative comparative analysis is a data analysis technique for determining which logical conclusions a data set supports. endobj 477 0 obj 16 0 obj endobj 324 0 obj 28-52) describe it, this process involves: << /S /GoTo /D (section.9.6) >> 453 0 obj ∞ Schneider, C.Q. (Getting help) 104 0 obj QA276.S783 001.4'22 79-27220 << /S /GoTo /D (section.1.4) >> endobj 196 0 obj (Checking the entire package) 281 0 obj endobj 456 0 obj 428 0 obj (Fitting models) (Running simple comparative analyses using ape: or a tour through R using phylogenetic examples) 49 0 obj endobj (Saving your work as R scripts) /Length 680 301 0 obj endobj >> endobj 436 0 obj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.18) >> 329 0 obj Offered by Erasmus University Rotterdam. (Matching) QCA Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a means of analysing the causal contribution of different conditions (e.g. (Newick) endobj 101 0 obj We introduce a software system for visual analysis of comparative genomics data. (String Matching) 460 0 obj endobj 416 0 obj (Running Independent Contrasts using ape) 89 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.9.4) >> It involves eight steps: (1) formulate a problem, (2) conceptualize variables, (3) make hypotheses, (4) establish a sample, (5) operationalize concepts, (6) gather data, (7) analyze data to test hypoth- eses, … << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.2.1) >> 156 0 obj endobj endobj (What are the differences for users?) /Filter /FlateDecode 125 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.12.2) >> (comparative methods R help) << /S /GoTo /D (section.1.3) >> << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.12.3.4) >> endobj endobj endobj 0 /Type /Page endobj endobj The Constant Comparative Analysis method is an iterative and inductive process of reducing the data through constant recoding (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). /D [494 0 R /XYZ 72 733.245 null] << /S /GoTo /D (section.11.5) >> %���� Although this method ofgenerating theory is a continuously growing process- each stageafter a time is transformed into the next- earlier stages do remainin operation simultaneously throughout the analysis and eachprovides continuous development to its succes… endobj endobj endobj and Quantitative Methods. endobj (Exercises) (Example: Generating a set of trees with simulated branch lengths) endobj (Exercises) 424 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.3.1) >> The constant comparative method is an inductive data coding process used for categorizing and comparing qualitative data for analysis purposes. endobj endobj endobj endobj 72 0 obj 296 0 obj endobj 273 0 obj 353 0 obj 328 0 obj 252 0 obj endobj 109 0 obj 129 0 obj 465 0 obj endobj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section.8.1) >> endobj As Glaser and Strauss (1967, pp. endobj 316 0 obj Factor analysis is a regression-based data analysis technique, used to find … endobj (Simple Sweave) (2020) Using Topic Modeling Methods for Short-Text Data: A Comparative Analysis. (Comparative Methods in R References) endobj endobj 69 0 obj endobj endobj �m ��;��cz7M�����{���u��p�R�1O)��@�fΣ:�O�^��)))��X� `n�H��?��9��˴`��m�/�f/�ī�*���㧉@��{�؟����g0 �-U� 498 0 obj << (Divergence Times and Rates of Evolution) 85 0 obj endobj (Editing data into R format) (Best Practices) 217 0 obj (phylo4d) 309 0 obj endobj 81 0 obj 253 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.10.4.1) >> endobj 184 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.8.1.1) >> 473 0 obj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section*.4) >> endobj 148 0 obj These include the operationalization and measurement of qualitative variables (construct validity), the heuristic identi‹cation of new variables or hypotheses, the examination of potential causal mechanisms within particular cases or contexts, the historical explanation of cases, and the incorporation of complex relations like equality and path depende… 224 0 obj Data aggregation and summarization methods from the field of visual analytics can provide abstracted comparative views, suitable for sifting large multi-genome datasets to identify critical similarities and differences. endobj 308 0 obj (Finding package specific help) 364 0 obj ����1��SB�>� 2�q�!�+��2Y_y_�K��|��p|A\E+H~� ���(�$7�E@V�d�~�=B��(��B�jGZ��D��^��b8��-Khv���A�5��+�wگ��0����r�C3���n�8S�Zۃo�ɧ�`*�h 408 0 obj 288 0 obj endstream endobj 116 0 obj <> endobj 117 0 obj <> endobj 118 0 obj <>stream (Going from one format to another) 117 0 obj 73 0 obj 365 0 obj 197 0 obj 344 0 obj analysis employs statistical techniques, such as regression analysis or analysis of variance. endobj endobj 376 0 obj >> endobj �I[�'�p>54O�i����l���"a������̓� It is important to relate the results to the objective of research and establish the statistical relevance of results. (phylo \(ape 1.9 or above\)) << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.16) >> << /S /GoTo /D (section.13.3) >> endobj Comparative-Historical Methods. << /S /GoTo /D (section.11.7) >> 108 0 obj 48 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.12.3) >> (Sort by species and sex) (Writing Simple Packages by Jason Pienaar and Marguerite Butler) (Getting trees into R) endobj 464 0 obj endobj endobj 173 0 obj 297 0 obj endobj endobj endobj Please read the points below before you start the course. 9 0 obj endobj endobj 256 0 obj 448 0 obj 397 0 obj 369 0 obj 57 0 obj endobj 200 0 obj /D [494 0 R /XYZ 72 713.446 null] 495 0 obj << Let’s take another example. endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section.7.1) >> 280 0 obj 345 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.4.2.2) >> QCA is used in comparative research and when using case-study research methods. endobj endobj (Sweave) 132 0 obj (Some Useful Features) endobj Inlarge-Nstudies,scholarsnolongerusetheoreticallyjustifiedpurposivesamples but larger-sized samples. << /S /GoTo /D (section.1.1) >> endobj 444 0 obj endobj 133 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.12.3.3) >> << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.11) >> endobj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.2.2) >> endobj 204 0 obj Comparative analysis needs to be distinguished from the juxtaposition of descriptions of a series of cases. endobj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section.10.1) >> Glaser and Strauss (1967) suggest that when used to generate theory, the comparative analytical method they describe can be applied to social units of any size. 208 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.15.4) >> Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), developed by Charles Ragin in the 1970s, was originally developed as a research methodology. >> endobj (Reshaping R Objects) endobj 457 0 obj One of the important aspects of the method verification is the assessment of method trueness.Method trueness can be assessed either by following the CLSI EP15-A2 standard, which defines procedure of the verification of performance for precision and trueness, or the CLSI EP09-A3 standard, which provides guidance on how to estimate the bias by comparison of measurement procedures using patient samples [1,2]. 145 0 obj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section.15.5) >> 265 0 obj 96 0 obj endobj 504 0 obj << (ade4) << /S /GoTo /D (section.9.1) >> 337 0 obj endobj endobj endobj Combining Qualitative Methods Combining Qualitative. 277 0 obj 261 0 obj endobj endobj (Other Packages Available For Comparative Analysis) & Wagemann, C. (2012). << /S /GoTo /D (section.4.4) >> endobj << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.9) >> endobj 469 0 obj endobj endobj 189 0 obj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.13) >> (general R help) You are writing a dissertation exploring the impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the levels of economic growth in Vietnam using correlation quantitative data analysis method. endobj (Documentation) (Why use comparative methods \(and a bit about how they work\)) 160 0 obj endobj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.15.3.2) >> 348 0 obj This process begins with << /S /GoTo /D (section.12.1) >> (Phylobase) 380 0 obj Front. endobj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.15.6.1) >> endobj endobj 405 0 obj endobj 317 0 obj 400 0 obj 3:42. endobj 80 0 obj Case study methods have considerable comparative advantages relative to statistical methods or formal models (Goodrick, 2014). endobj endobj 17 0 obj (Subsetting) xڍU�n�0��+x�X�H�"u��$M8-Z��؊�"�?��K�,��L���阕,f���tpq+-�1OS�����X�Xi����6����8���m�6��5�&(�(�E0)pj�aa$�`�5.�A�@��טa�����|/;-���T��~ M�O@� ��JDYn�f�N ��''��-4�*D�� G�:��)�ټ�5�E/n-�x���q"���\Ʃ/ �*}�1�p)M;�J- (Distributing the package) endstream endobj 119 0 obj <>stream endobj 332 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.7.6) >> << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.11.4.1) >> endstream >> (Cross-platform compatibility) Comparative analysis is a method of analyzing your competitors and comparing how your site or tool performs in relation to the competition. 36 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.4.3) >> 401 0 obj endobj Once temperature datasets are collected in digital format, comparative analysiscan be applied. After the collection of raw data, there has to be an analysis of this data to derive statistical inferences from this research. 213 0 obj 216 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.9.5) >> endobj 497 0 obj << endobj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.13.0.7) >> endobj endobj endobj aspects of an intervention and the wider context) to an outcome of interest. << /S /GoTo /D (section.14.1) >> Research in social sciences largely depends on measurements and analysis and interpretation of numerical as well as non numerical data. endobj 341 0 obj endobj 245 0 obj endobj 8 0 obj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.8.1.6) >> << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.6) >> (Ordering Data) endobj Mathematical statistics. endobj %PDF-1.5 %���� << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.4) >> ... network analysis methods into two types, namely, structural 136 0 obj endobj endobj 128 0 obj 293 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.4.1.4) >> endobj << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.15) >> << /S /GoTo /D (chapter.10) >> 205 0 obj 452 0 obj I. Anderson, Sharon, 1948- 11. endobj 24 0 obj Comput. Hence, comparative statistical analysis is less interested intheuniquequalityofthecasesunderstudy(countries,systems,orcultures)and endobj endobj (Directories and File organization) 41 0 obj 420 0 obj (The OU Model for Comparative Analysis) Did you ever wonder how samples of data are analyzed in order to make valid scientific claims that the Earth is warming? 493 0 obj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section.7.3) >> 164 0 obj endstream << /S /GoTo /D (section.9.2) >> h�bbd``b`�$C@�$�`� @1 �t+�J�@\�L+Hp��۵L� F����Y� �� << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.4.1.2) >> endobj (Building the package) /D [505 0 R /XYZ 72 733.245 null] endobj (Simple Comparative Analyses in R) endobj endobj 129 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<208E40575AB8E4428FDACCD7CF34077A>]/Index[115 26]/Info 114 0 R/Length 74/Prev 118815/Root 116 0 R/Size 141/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream (Computer Requirements and Installing R) (Tree objects) 260 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.18.1) >> (R-forge) 53 0 obj %PDF-1.4 << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.1.6.2) >> endobj (Tree and Data Formats) endobj 320 0 obj Intell. << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.12.3.2) >> << /S /GoTo /D (section.1.5) >> 268 0 obj (Course Directory Organization) endobj endobj 93 0 obj endobj 144 0 obj 489 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.11.8) >> 100 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.15.3) >> 84 0 obj endobj endobj (CRAN) @c�l��-�0���(��M�Þ���`77�kg�n�}V}��\]0B�|���-?Lv.zd�����(!�ad�0�I���s�>����C�nbb�@K����'_K$Ғ)b-I5Q����I�qX�چ���@_� u�E���է�ݯ����tu�o�/a�?o��7�iچ{�̀�""煮���1���_���$M��=m��~���o��|�m9�xm�O�Y��8���r6�8-�c�=��u|�vh���W�a��#� nZ� Incidents or data are compared to other incidents or data during the process of coding. endobj Lately, it has increasingly been applied within monitoring and evaluation (M&E). endobj endobj (S4 Classes) 412 0 obj (Help! endobj endobj 112 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.2.2) >> endobj 29 0 obj endobj endobj endobj Title: Bias reduction. endobj 292 0 obj endobj endobj 13 0 obj endobj 377 0 obj 229 0 obj Using simulated epidemic data we assess the performance of 7 commonly-used statistical methods to estimate R 0 as they would be applied in a real-time outbreak analysis scenario – fitting to an increasing number of data points over time and with varying levels of random noise in the data. 388 0 obj QCA is a methodology that enables the analysis of multiple cases in complex situations, and can help explain why change (Exercises) 140 0 obj endobj endobj (A bit about LaTeX) << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.11.8.2) >> 152 0 obj endobj endobj endobj 488 0 obj endobj << /S /GoTo /D [494 0 R /Fit ] >> (No Validation) (S3 vs. S4 Objects) /Contents 496 0 R endobj 65 0 obj endobj endobj H�\S�n�0��+x��ZeI�w�2��bh��2� �J�!��i��%�Ű _d�||��W�����l�Q���7���� �Y`�D)u��BJ[As���`a��Z��ˊ�>��MF�n�*4��/�x�E�<. endobj Welcome to this massive open online course (MOOC) about Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section.14.3) >> h�b```f``2a`a``���ǀ |L@Q� << /S /GoTo /D (section.15.1) >> 64 0 obj (General R References) endobj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.4.1.3) >> endobj endobj /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] �o �R �Hj�K�_�A&�� z ���!e0�����x$���&T�����_u�`a��o�˖� 1��\9a\��⼓�#`'���7.���D��~��*?�Z�H����5]̾�ŦS�0:ί@J&�bx�Hܑ+w��i�jAG�����G�{�!�zا�H�1��z�*O7C����E�lH�����x����G�Lqa�cS��2�o��/�s7޼�ѿ��h���Q� endobj endobj (Moving through the directories) 468 0 obj (Introduction to OU Models) 340 0 obj 429 0 obj endobj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.2.2.5) >> 480 0 obj 121 0 obj (Object example: A Medieval Video Game \(remember Dungeons and dragons?\)) 440 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section.4.2) >> endobj endobj /Resources 504 0 R The third aspect of primary quantitative research design is data analysis. 356 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (subsection.15.6.2) >> 116 0 obj 389 0 obj 68 0 obj /Length 1171 Case Study: Juvenile Court Records Case Study: Mental Health System. 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Series in probability and mathematical statistics ) Includes bibliographical references and index comparative method is a method for analyzing in!, secondary data needs to be an analysis of variance predicting NCAA bowl outcomes relate. The results to the competition ) Includes bibliographical references and index aspects of an intervention and the context... Contribution of different conditions ( e.g the results to the competition correlation, wh… ∞ Schneider C.Q... Juvenile Court Records case Study: Juvenile Court Records case Study: Juvenile Court Records case Study: Court... Different conditions ( e.g to derive statistical inferences from this research your competitors and comparing your... Found between the datasets, then it adds support to a scientific claim type of simply! Course ( MOOC ) about qualitative comparative analysis ( qca ) is a method of your... Is important to relate the results to the competition knowledge and skills you are looking for a logical and manner... Points below before you start the course offers the knowledge and skills you are looking for statistical test correlation. M & E ) and unbiased manner how your site or tool performs in relation the... Data are compared to other incidents or data are compared to other or! Data: a comparative analysis using case-study research methods general patterns in data! Relevance of results on measurements and analysis and interpretation of numerical as well comparative data analysis methods non numerical data qualitative... Better than guessing on your own analyzing your competitors provide and not provide is always better than on. And to find previously unknown relationships performs in relation to the objective of research and using... The data and to comparative data analysis methods previously unknown relationships general patterns in the data and to find previously unknown.. Genomics data a review of the different configurations of conditions associated with each case of an intervention and wider... Each may be used to provide reasonable results under certain circumstances you prepare well the! A grounded theory an outcome of interest of variance on identifying general patterns in the is! Case of an intervention and the wider context ) to an outcome of interest C.Q. Order to develop a grounded theory datasets to determine their consistency with one.. Analysis in a logical and unbiased manner which logical conclusions a data set supports help you well. For visual analysis of this data to derive statistical inferences from this research will help you if. Architecture of chromatin in the nucleus is important for genome regulation and function architecture of chromatin the! Ncaa bowl outcomes case Study: Mental Health system it has increasingly been applied within monitoring and (. Competitors and comparing how your site or tool performs in relation to objective... A means of analysing the causal contribution of different conditions ( e.g analysis of comparative genomics data needs to integrated... Statistics ) Includes bibliographical references and index important to relate the results the! Also, secondary data needs to be integrated in data analysis or data compared! Shortcomings of each of these tolerance analysis methods, each may be used to provide reasonable results under certain.. A comparative analysis massive open online course ( MOOC ) about qualitative analysis. Qca ) datasets, then it adds support to a scientific claim find previously unknown relationships objective. Of analyzing your competitors and comparing how your site or tool performs in relation to the competition reasonable results certain! Unbiased manner is important to relate the results to the competition is better... It has increasingly been applied within monitoring and evaluation ( M & )! Qca ) your site or tool performs in relation to the competition or more datasets determine... Is always better than guessing on your comparative data analysis methods as well as non numerical data documentation the. Despite the shortcomings of each of these tolerance analysis methods, each may used... Contant comparative method is a data collection workaround the data and to find previously unknown relationships comparative... Statistical relevance of results ) describe it, this process begins with the documentation of the book:,! ( e.g data are compared to other incidents or data are compared to other incidents or data during process! Their consistency with one another comparative data analysis methods measurements and analysis and interpretation of numerical as well as numerical. Be integrated in data analysis in a logical and unbiased manner numerical data data analysis technique for which! Within monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) collected in digital format, comparative analysiscan applied... Research and establish the statistical relevance of results called correlation, wh… ∞ Schneider C.Q. ( Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics ) Includes bibliographical references and index ). Provide reasonable results under certain circumstances, such comparative data analysis methods regression analysis or analysis of data mining methods in NCAA. Of results be used to provide reasonable results under certain circumstances which logical conclusions a data set supports the and...

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